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In spatial analysis, four major problems interfere with an accurate estimation of the statistical parameter: the boundary problem, scale problem, pattern problem (or spatial autocorrelation), and modifiable areal unit problem. [1] The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbours in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbours.
Australia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was declared on 1 August 1994 and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles (22 to 370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state. [1] [2] To the 12 nautical-mile boundary is Australia's territorial waters.
In 2008, data in shapefile format was published. Please note that shapefiles are not topological, therefore may create slivers when comparing TIGER/Line boundaries. This mismatch was not possible when the census TIGER files were available in ASCII format that was topological unlike shapefiles.
U.S. Gazetteer, TIGER/Line shapefiles, census data. National Historical Geographic Information System: NHGIS provides free of charge, aggregate census data and GIS-compatible boundary files for the United States between 1790 and 2012. Atlas of Historical County Boundaries Project (AHCBP)
Shapefile (GIS) dataset of every sealed and unsealed road in the state, and has been recently created and updated (2013). Data includes road names, route numbers, and class (Highway, Arterial, etc.). The license is CC-BY-3.0-AU, so it can be used to create maps.
Shapefiles : are a data exchange format created by ESRI and one of the most widely used GIS/geodata formats. One "shapefile" usually include four different files : .shp, .shx, .dbf, .prj. First three files must all be present in order to use the data. Each shapefile can hold only one geometry type.
The Vector data model uses coordinate geometry to represent each shape as one of several geometric primitives, most commonly points (a single coordinate of zero dimension), lines (a one-dimensional ordered list of coordinates connected by straight lines), and polygons (a self-closing boundary line enclosing a two-dimensional region).
The shapefile format was introduced with ArcView GIS version 2 in the early 1990s. It is now possible to read and write geographical datasets using the shapefile format with a wide variety of software. The shapefile format stores the geometry as primitive geometric shapes like points, lines, and polygons.