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While negative inotropism may precipitate or exacerbate heart failure in the short term, certain beta blockers (e.g. carvedilol, bisoprolol and metoprolol) have been believed to reduce long-term morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure. [13] Examples of negative inotropic agents include: Beta blockers [14]
The progress in β-blocker development led to the introduction of drugs with variety of properties. β-blockers were developed having a relative selectivity for cardiac β1-receptors (for example metoprolol and atenolol), partial adrenergic agonist activity , concomitant α-adrenergic blocking activity (for example labetalol and carvedilol) and ...
Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina, high blood pressure and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines . [ 4 ]
Carvedilol is a nonselective beta blocker and alpha-1 blocker. [5] How it improves outcomes is not entirely clear but may involve dilation of blood vessels. [5] Carvedilol was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1995. [5] [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [9]
[2]: 461 The figure illustrating these findings was also published in the same year by Singh and Vaughan Williams. [ 18 ] Drugs acting like diphenylhydantoin (DPH): mechanism of action unknown, but others had attributed its cardiac action to an indirect action on the brain; [ 19 ] this drug is better known as antiepileptic drug phenytoin .
Another treatment for hypertension is using drugs that have both α 1 blocking activity, as well as nonselective β activity, such as Labetalol or carvedilol. [19] In low doses, labetalol and carvedilol can decrease the peripheral resistance and block the effects of isoprenaline to reduce hypertensive symptoms. [19]
Betaxolol also shows greater affinity for beta 1 receptors than metoprolol. In addition to its effect on the heart, betaxolol reduces the pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure). This effect is thought to be caused by reducing the production of the liquid (which is called the aqueous humor) within the eye. The precise mechanism of this ...
Outpatient surgery, also known as ambulatory surgery, day surgery, [1] day case surgery, or same-day surgery, is surgery that does not require an overnight hospital stay. [note 1] The term “outpatient” arises from the fact that surgery patients may enter and leave the facility on the same day. The advantages of outpatient surgery over ...