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Physiognomy of the melancholic temperament (drawing by Thomas Holloway, c.1789, made for Johann Kaspar Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy). Melancholia or melancholy (from Greek: µέλαινα χολή melaina chole, [1] meaning black bile) [2] is a concept found throughout ancient, medieval, and premodern medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood ...
Black bile was associated with a melancholy nature, the word melancholy itself deriving from the Greek for 'black bile', μέλαινα χολή (melaina kholé). Depression was attributed to excess or unnatural black bile secreted by the spleen. [32] Cancer was also attributed to an excess of black bile concentrated in a specific area. [33]
Likewise for being too calm and reserved or "phlegmatic" from too much phlegm; excessively sad or "melancholic" from too much black bile; and too angry or "choleric" from excess yellow bile. [10] The properties of these humours also corresponded to the four seasons. Thus blood, which was considered hot and wet, corresponded to spring.
The Hellenistic origin of Unani medicine is still visible in its being based on the classical four humours: phlegm (balgham), blood (dam), yellow bile (ṣafrā) and black bile (saudā'), but it has also been influenced by Indian and Chinese traditional systems. [7]
It is the energy principle which uses bile to direct digestion and enhance metabolism. Unbalanced pitta is primarily characterized by body heat or a burning sensation and redness. Pitta is the normal Sanskrit word meaning "bile". [12] It is etymologically related to the Sanskrit word pīta "yellow". Kapha is the watery element. It is a ...
Black bile was the humor identified with earth, since both were cold and dry. Other things associated with earth and black bile in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of fall, since it increased the qualities of cold and aridity; the melancholic temperament (of a person dominated by the black bile humour); the feminine ; and the ...
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Bile (Irish legend), a legendary ancestor of the Irish people; Bile (band), a New York industrial metal band; Bile language, a Southern Bantoid Jarawan language of Nigeria; Black bile, a humor in ancient and pre-modern medicine; Yellow bile, a humor in ancient and pre-modern medicine; Birmingham Laptop Ensemble (BiLE)