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The shelf angle, in turn, is attached to major elements of the building structure such as floor beams or structural columns. Shelf angles are in reality a horizontal expansion joint which allows growth of the brick below the shelf angle and to allow movement or shrinkage of the frame without putting stresses on the brick veneer.
Because the masonry veneer is non-structural, it must be tied back to the building structure to prevent movement under wind and earthquake loads. Brick ties are used for this purpose, and may take the form of corrugated metal straps nailed or screwed to the structural framing, or as wire extensions to horizontal joint reinforcement in a fully masonry veneer or cavity wall.
A single wythe of brick that is not structural in nature is referred to as a masonry veneer. A multiple-wythe masonry wall may be composed of a single type of masonry unit layered to increase its thickness and structural strength, or different masonry units chosen by function, such as an economical concrete block serving a structural purpose ...
A wythe may be independent of, or interlocked with, the adjoining wythe(s). A single wythe of brick that is not structural in nature is referred to as a masonry veneer. A standard 8-inch CMU block is exactly equal to three courses of brick. [3] A bond (or bonding) pattern) is the arrangement of several courses of brickwork. [2]
In this context, the brick masonry is primarily decorative, not structural. The brick veneer is generally connected to the structural wall by brick ties (metal strips that are attached to the structural wall, as well as the mortar joints of the brick veneer). There is typically an air gap between the brick veneer and the structural wall.
Building B also expanded with masonry shelf angle which had suffered severe corrosion from insufficient flashing and weeps, leading to rust, which caused the supported brick course to lift and allow moisture infiltration. This moisture, combined with seasonal freeze-thaw cycles, exacerbated the dislocation of the brick veneer. To address these ...
A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed. [11] Sailor A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed. [12] Rowlock A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed. [13] Shiner or rowlock stretcher A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed. [14]
The Empire State Building uses this method, having two steel beams for attaching stone veneer on each floor; one inside to bear weight, and one acting as a shelf outside to support the building's limestone veneer. [3] One and a half inches (38 mm) became the common thickness of stone veneer in the 1930s.