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Refractory materials are classified into three types based on fusion temperature (melting point). Normal refractories have a fusion temperature of 1580–1780 °C (e.g. fire clay) High refractories have a fusion temperature of 1780–2000 °C (e.g. chromite) Super refractories have a fusion temperature of > 2000 °C (e.g. zirconia)
The purpose of the refractory lining is to insulate the steel shell from the high temperatures inside the kiln, and to protect it from the corrosive properties of the process material. It may consist of refractory bricks or cast refractory concrete, or may be absent in zones of the kiln that are below approximately 250 °C (482 °F).
Similarly to the Portland concrete used in civil engineering, water is added to the refractory castables to provide workability and allow molding, pumping, shotcreting or other forms of placement. Water exists within castables in free or combined forms: while free water remains in the pores without reaction with the materials' other ...
In the making of firebrick, fire clay is fired in the kiln until it is partly vitrified.For special purposes, the brick may also be glazed. There are two standard sizes of fire brick: 229 mm × 114 mm × 76 mm (9 in × 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in × 3 in) and 229 mm × 114 mm × 64 mm (9 in × 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in × 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in). [2]
The strength and high-temperature stability of refractory metals make them suitable for hot metalworking applications and for vacuum furnace technology. Many special applications exploit these properties: for example, tungsten lamp filaments operate at temperatures up to 3073 K, and molybdenum furnace windings withstand 2273 K.
Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a type of refractory ceramics that can withstand extremely high temperatures without degrading, often above 2,000 °C. [1] They also often have high thermal conductivities and are highly resistant to thermal shock, meaning they can withstand sudden and extreme changes in temperature without cracking or breaking.