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Python Imaging Library is a free and open-source additional library for the Python programming language that adds support for opening, manipulating, and saving many different image file formats. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. The latest version of PIL is 1.1.7, was released in September 2009 and supports Python 1.5.2–2.7. [3]
The original version of the software was called Pencil, created by Patrick Corrieri and Pascal Naidon in 2005, [4] but was abandoned and discontinued in 2009. The abandonment of the project led to the creation of numerous forks, several of which were eventually merged into that of Matthew Chang, resulting in the project now known as Pencil2D.
For calculating the image containing only the background, a series of preceding images are averaged. For calculating the background image at the instant t: (,,) = = (,,) where N is the number of preceding images taken for averaging. This averaging refers to averaging corresponding pixels in the given images.
The difference between the non-photo blue and black ink is great enough that digital image manipulation can separate the two easily. If a black-and-white bitmap setting is scanned in, the exposure or threshold number can be set high enough to detect the black ink or dark images being scanned, but low enough to leave out the non-photo blue.
Pencil, perhaps made by Henry David Thoreau, in the Concord Museum Pencil manufacturing. The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size; the lower sequence is the new, current method using rods of graphite and clay. American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution.
[15] [16] MNIST included images only of handwritten digits. EMNIST includes all the images from NIST Special Database 19 (SD 19), which is a large database of 814,255 handwritten uppercase and lower case letters and digits. [17] [18] The images in EMNIST were converted into the same 28x28 pixel format, by the same process, as were the MNIST ...
A mechanical pencil or clutch pencil is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead" / ˈ l ɛ d /. The lead , often made of graphite , is not bonded to the outer casing, and the user can mechanically extend it as its point is worn away from use.
Generalized pencil-of-function method (GPOF), also known as matrix pencil method, is a signal processing technique for estimating a signal or extracting information with complex exponentials. Being similar to Prony and original pencil-of-function methods, it is generally preferred to those for its robustness and computational efficiency.