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The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4–8%), [13] caesarean delivery, [14] myomectomy [10] or endometrium damage caused by D&C. [13] Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 35 are at increasing risk as they get older.
Women who have high blood pressure or who have had a previous placental abruption and want to conceive must be closely supervised by a doctor. [ 17 ] The risk of placental abruption can be reduced by maintaining a good diet including taking folate , regular sleep patterns and correction of pregnancy-induced hypertension .
Women who endured placental disease within the first pregnancy has an increased risk of the disease progressing within future pregnancies. [13] The onset of the disease within the first trimester leads to preterm delivery of a premature baby. [ 14 ]
An impaired placenta cannot support the pregnancy and this may lead to the loss of a chromosomally normal baby. [5] On the other hand, an apparently normal diploid fetus may experience problems with growth or development due to the effects of uniparental disomy (UPD). Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been reported in a number of CPM ...
If placenta previa is present at the time of delivery, vaginal delivery is contraindicated because the placenta is blocking the fetus's passageway to the vaginal canal. Herpes simplex virus with active genital lesions or prodromal symptoms is a contraindication for vaginal delivery so as to avoid mother-fetal transfer of HSV lesions.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Placental abruption defined as the separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, is a major cause of third trimester vaginal bleeding and complicates about 1% of pregnancies. [13] [50] Symptomatic presentations are variable: Some women can entirely ignore the symptoms, while others have mild bleeding or abdominal discomfort and ...
Symptoms include postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, a mass in the vagina, and low blood pressure. [1] Rarely inversion may occur not in association with pregnancy. [5] Risk factors include pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached. [1]