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YKL-40 is a Th2 promoting cytokine that is present at high levels in the tumor microenvironment and in the serum of cancer patients. [13] [14] Elevated levels of YKL-40 correlate strongly with stage and outcome of various types of cancer, which establish YKL-40 as a biomarker of disease severity. [15]
Left: the relationship between breast cancer cell stemness, vasculogenic mimicry, and prognosis. Right: provides a diagram of factors involved in formation of vascular mimicry in breast cancer. New strategies to overcome treatment resistance in breast cancers have looked to target tumor angiogenesis and the problem posed by vascular mimicry in ...
Amplification or over-expression of this oncogene has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of certain aggressive types of breast cancer. In recent years the protein has become an important biomarker and target of therapy for approximately 30% of breast cancer patients. [9]
In recent years, advances in molecular techniques, genomics, cancer biology and sequencing technology have provided opportunities to discover and validate new biomarkers for prognosis, particularly molecular prognostic markers.
The Oncotype DX® breast cancer assay is one such test used to predict the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence. This test is intended for women with early-stage (Stage I or II), node-negative, estrogen receptor -positive (ER+) invasive breast cancer who will be treated with hormone therapy .
breast cancer [9] CA27.29: breast cancer [10] CA19-9: Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. [11] CA-125: Mainly ovarian cancer, [12] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. [13] Calcitonin
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