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Simplified diagram of the Copper–Chlorine cycle. The copper–chlorine cycle (Cu–Cl cycle) is a four-step thermochemical cycle for the production of hydrogen. The Cu–Cl cycle is a hybrid process that employs both thermochemical and electrolysis steps. It has a maximum temperature requirement of about 530 degrees Celsius. [1]
The chlorine cycle (Cl) is the biogeochemical cycling of chlorine through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. Chlorine is most commonly found as inorganic chloride ions, or a number of chlorinated organic forms. [1] [2] Over 5,000 biologically produced chlorinated organics have been identified. [3]
English: Diagram of the Copper-Chlorine cycle used to dissociate water into 2H 2 and O 2. Date: 24 December 2010: Source: Own work: Author: Fordi : Licensing.
Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in a variety of processes that produce chlorine by oxychlorination. The Deacon process takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a copper chloride: [8] 4 HCl + O 2 → 2 Cl 2 + 2 H 2 O. Copper(II) chloride catalyzes the chlorination in the production of vinyl chloride and dichloromethane. [8]
IR absorption spectrum of copper(I) chloride. Copper(I) chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride, is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl. The substance is a white solid sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Impure samples appear green due to the presence of copper(II) chloride (CuCl 2).
Copper mining contributes significantly to copper emissions into fresh waters. Copper is also introduced into freshwater during metal corrosion , degradation, and abrasion of copper. Scrap copper metal is commonly recycled, but at the end of its manufacturing life cycle, it is discarded to landfills, which can leach significant copper into ...
Without copper(II) chloride as an oxidizing agent, Pd(0) metal (resulting from beta-hydride elimination of Pd(II) in the final step) would precipitate, stopping Philips' reaction after one cycle. Air, pure oxygen, or a number of other reagents can then oxidise the resultant CuCl-chloride mixture back to CuCl 2, allowing the cycle to continue.
In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two different fragments are joined. Cross-couplings are a subset of the more general coupling reactions. Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalyst