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Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++; ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages; Compatibility of C and C++; Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi; Comparison of Object Pascal and C; Comparison of Pascal and C; Comparison of Java and C++; Comparison of C# and Java; Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET; Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic ...
In languages supporting multiple inheritance, such as C++, interfaces are implemented as abstract classes. In languages without explicit support, protocols are often still present as conventions. This is known as duck typing. For example, in Python, any class can implement an __iter__ method and be used as a collection. [3]
C++ has enumeration types that are directly inherited from C's and work mostly like these, except that an enumeration is a real type in C++, giving added compile-time checking. Also (as with structs), the C++ enum keyword is combined with a typedef, so that instead of naming the type enum name, simply name it name.
Unlike C++, C# does not support multiple inheritance, although a class can implement any number of "interfaces" (fully abstract classes). This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complications and to simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI.
Interfaces and abstract classes are similar. The following describes some important differences: An abstract class may have member variables as well as non-abstract methods or properties. An interface cannot. A class or abstract class can only inherit from one class or abstract class. A class or abstract class may implement one or more interfaces.
Class and interface types Most types in a GObject application will be classes — in the normal object-oriented sense of the word — derived directly or indirectly from the root class, GObject. There are also interfaces, which, unlike classic Java-style interfaces, can contain implemented methods. GObject interfaces can thus be described as ...
enum Enum1; // Invalid in C++03 and C++11; the underlying type cannot be determined. enum Enum2: unsigned int; // Valid in C++11, the underlying type is specified explicitly. enum class Enum3; // Valid in C++11, the underlying type is int. enum class Enum4: unsigned int; // Valid in C++11. enum Enum2: unsigned short; // Invalid in C++11 ...
C# [5] all non-object types, including structures and enumerations as well as primitive types: all object-types, including both classes and interfaces Swift [6] [7] structures (including e.g. booleans, numbers, strings, and sets) and enumerations (including e.g. optionals) functions, closures, classes Python [8] all types JavaScript [9]