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Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by combining ammonia (NH 3) with either hydrogen chloride (gas) or hydrochloric acid (water solution): [3] NH 3 + HCl → NH 4 Cl. Ammonium chloride occurs naturally in volcanic regions, forming on volcanic rocks near fume-releasing vents . The crystals deposit directly from the gaseous state and tend ...
Ammonium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration, and the solution is recycled to produce more sodium carbonate. Hou's process eliminates the production of calcium chloride. The byproduct ammonium chloride can be refined, used as a fertilizer and may have greater commercial value than CaCl 2, thus reducing the extent of waste beds.
Before the start of World War I, most ammonia was obtained by the dry distillation of nitrogenous vegetable and animal products; by the reduction of nitrous acid and nitrites with hydrogen; and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by alkaline hydroxides or by quicklime, the salt most generally used being the chloride (sal-ammoniac).
To further confirm ammonia, it is passed through a glass rod dipped in an HCl solution (hydrochloric acid), creating white dense fumes of ammonium chloride. NH 3 (g) + HCl(aq) → [NH 4 ]Cl(s) Ammonia, when passed through CuSO 4 ( copper(II) sulfate ) solution, changes its color from blue to deep blue, forming Schweizer's reagent .
Wöhler demonstrated the reaction in his original publication with different sets of reactants: a combination of cyanic acid and ammonia, a combination of silver cyanate and ammonium chloride, a combination of lead cyanate and ammonia and finally from a combination of mercury cyanate and cyanatic ammonia (which is again cyanic acid with ammonia ...
Smith, Susan I. Toxic Exposures: Mustard Gas and the Health Consequences of World War II in the United States (Rutgers University Press, 2017) online book review; Wattana, Monica, and Tareg Bey. "Mustard gas or sulfur mustard: an old chemical agent as a new terrorist threat." Prehospital and disaster medicine 24.1 (2009): 19-29. online
Chlorine can be manufactured by the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution (), which is known as the Chloralkali process.The production of chlorine results in the co-products caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H 2).
Like most ammonium salts, ammonium perchlorate decomposes before melting. Mild heating results in production of hydrogen chloride, nitrogen, oxygen, and water. 4 NH 4 ClO 4 → 4 HCl + 2 N 2 + 5 O 2 + 6 H 2 O. The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied.