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Symptomatic individuals present with symptoms almost identical to those of patients who are on thiazide diuretics, given that the affected transporter is the target of thiazides. [ 5 ] Clinical signs of Gitelman syndrome include a high blood pH in combination with low levels of chloride , potassium , and magnesium in the blood and decreased ...
The term "thiazide" is also often used for drugs with a similar action that do not have the thiazide chemical structure, such as chlorthalidone, metolazone and indapamide. These agents are more properly termed thiazide-like diuretics. [citation needed] Thiazide diuretics also increase calcium reabsorption at the distal tubule.
Potassium-sparing diuretics or antikaliuretics [1] refer to drugs that cause diuresis without causing potassium loss in the urine. [2] They are typically used as an adjunct in management of hypertension, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure. [3] The steroidal aldosterone antagonists can also be used for treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism.
All three patients were unable to prevent urinary sodium loss despite low serum sodium levels and no evidence of extrarenal sodium loss. Their hyponatremia responded to salt therapy. They postulated that this provided evidence of an extra-pituitary cerebral structure mediating normal sodium metabolism but were unsure of its location or ...
Thiazide diuretics are sometimes combined with amiloride to prevent hypokalemia caused by the thiazides. It seems paradoxical to treat an extreme diuresis with a diuretic, and the exact mechanism of action is unknown but the thiazide diuretics will decrease distal convoluted tubule reabsorption of sodium and water, thereby causing diuresis.
Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up. [4] Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine. [4]
Metolazone, like other thiazide diuretics, may unmask latent diabetes mellitus or exacerbate gout, especially by interacting with medicines used to treat gout. In addition, thiazide diuretics, including metolazone, are sulfonamides; those with hypersensitivity to sulfonamides ("sulfa allergy") may also be allergic to metolazone. [4]
The most obvious cause is a kidney or systemic disorder, including amyloidosis, [2] polycystic kidney disease, [3] electrolyte imbalance, [4] [5] or some other kidney defect. [2] The major causes of acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that produce clinical symptoms (e.g., polyuria) in the adult are lithium toxicity and high blood calcium.