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In low-lying communities, wastewater is often conveyed by vacuum sewer. Pipelines range in size from pipes of 125 millimetres (4.9 in) in diameter up to 280 millimetres (11 in) in diameter. Vacuum sewer systems use differential atmospheric pressure to move the liquid to a central vacuum station. [10]
A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure compared to the surrounding atmosphere.When a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air ahead of it in the system, creating a positive pressure that must be released so it does not push back on the waste stream and downstream traps, slow drainage, and induce potential clogs.
Sanitary manholes should be constructed at locations where there is a change from a simple straight sewer line. These include all junctions that combine multiple lines into one or split from one, bends, changing in elevation, changing in pipe size, and changing in pipe type.
The main part of such a system is made up of large pipes (i.e. the sewers, or "sanitary sewers") that convey the sewage from the point of production to the point of treatment or discharge. Sewers under construction in Ystad, Sweden. Types of sanitary sewer systems that all usually are gravity sewers include: Combined sewer; Simplified sewerage ...
Schematic of a simplified sewer: Smaller diameter pipes are laid at a shallower depth and at a flatter gradient than for conventional sewers. [1]Simplified sewerage, also called small-bore sewerage, is a sewer system that collects all household wastewater (blackwater and greywater) in small-diameter pipes laid at fairly flat gradients.
The discharge pipe may be as small as 50 mm diameter carrying sewage at very high flow rates. [ 2 ] Pressure sewers are also used to collect the discharge from septic tanks and discharge this into the local gravity sewer to protect local ground water from contamination.
A medieval waste pipe in Stockholm Old Town formerly deposited sewage on the street to be flushed away by rain. Sewage canal of a medieval house as depicted in 1447 St. Barbara Altarpiece in the National Museum in Warsaw. Combined sewer systems were common when urban sewerage systems were first developed, in the late 19th and early 20th ...
The exception to this is when a storm sewer operates at full capacity, and then can become pipe flow. Energy in pipe flow is expressed as head and is defined by the Bernoulli equation . In order to conceptualize head along the course of flow within a pipe, diagrams often contain a hydraulic grade line (HGL).