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1984 R. v. Guerin 2 S.C.R. 335 was a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision on aboriginal rights where the Court first stated that the government has a fiduciary duty towards the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right. The Musqueam Indian band won their case. 1985 Bill C-31.
The ratifying of the Slavery Convention by Canada in 1953 began the country's international commitments to address modern slavery. [58] Human trafficking in Canada is a legal and political issue, and Canadian legislators have been criticized for having failed to deal with the problem in a more systematic way. [ 59 ]
The experiments were conducted on at least 1,300 Indigenous people across Canada, approximately 1,000 of whom were children. [123] The deaths connected with the experiments have been described as part of Canada's genocide of Indigenous peoples. [124]
Slavery in territories that would become today's Canada may have begun as far back as 1500 BC. [3] Among indigenous peoples of Canada, children of slaves could inherit the condition of enslavement. [4] In some tribes in the Pacific Northwest, about a quarter of the population consisted of enslaved people. [5]
The Act Against Slavery of 1793 legislated the gradual abolition of slavery: no slaves could be imported; slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be slaves but must be freed at age 25. [58]
For many years, Canada did not negotiate with First Nations to address their aboriginal title. Canadian court judgments and political pressure led to a change in ways following the Canadian Centennial year. The first treaty implemented under the new framework was the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1970 between the Cree and Quebec.
During the late 15th century is estimated to have been between 200,000 [27] and two million, [28] with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health. [29] Although not without conflict, European Canadians ' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. [ 30 ]
The federal government did provide emergency relief, on condition of the Indigenous peoples moving to the Indian reserve. [14] Today, these agreements are upheld by the Government of Canada, administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations. They are often criticized and are a leading issue ...