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The symbols of the four Evangelists are here depicted in the Book of Kells. The four winged creatures symbolize, top to bottom, left to right: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Matthew the Evangelist, the author of the first gospel account, is symbolized by a winged man, or angel.
Carolingian miniature portraying the Evangelists with their symbols, from the Aachen Gospels, c. 820. The traditional symbols of the Evangelists were often included in the images, or especially in the Insular tradition, either given their own additional images on a separate page, or used instead of an evangelist portrait.
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An Assyrian lamassu dated 721 BC.. Images of unions of different elements into one symbol were originally used by the Ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, and Greeks.The image of the sphinx, found in Egypt and Babylon, depicted the body of a lion and the head of a human, while the harpies of Greek mythology showed bird-like human women.
John the Evangelist, the author of the fourth gospel account, is symbolized by an eagle, often with a halo, an animal may have originally been seen as the king of the birds. The eagle is a figure of the sky, and believed by Christian scholars to be able to look straight into the sun. [ 1 ]
The text is very close to that found in the Echternach Gospels, the Book of Armagh, or that of the Gospels of Máel Brigte. [10] Contents: F.5-69: Gospel of Matthew; f.69-70: Four charters and two texts on the heritage of Canterbury Cathedral dating from before 1050; f.72-115: Gospel of Mark; f.117-170: Gospel of Luke; f.172-216: Gospel of John
The beginning of the Gospel of Mark from the Book of Durrow. The Book of Durrow is an illuminated manuscript gospel book dated to c. 700 that contains the Vulgate Latin text of the four Gospels, with some Irish variations, and other matter, written in Insular script, and richly illustrated in the style of Insular art with four full-page Evangelist symbols, six carpet pages, and many decorated ...
The New Testament includes four canonical gospels, (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) but there are many gospels not included in the biblical canon. [3] These additional gospels are referred to as either New Testament apocrypha or pseudepigrapha. [4] [5] Some of these texts have impacted Christian traditions, including many forms of iconography.