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Blocking also resists the rotational movement, or twisting, of floor joists as they deflect under load. This may take the form of diagonal cross bracing, or herringbone, bracing between floor joists. When solid blocks are used instead of diagonals it is called bridging, block bridging, solid bridging or solid strutting. The illustration, right ...
Cross bracing between joists or rafters strengthens the members by preventing sideways deflection. This bracing is known by many names such as herringbone strutting, blocking, bridging, and dwanging. Cross bracing on a bridge tower. In construction, cross bracing is a system utilized to reinforce building structures in which diagonal supports ...
A lookout, [1] lookout rafter or roof outlooker [2] is a wooden joist that extends in cantilever out from the exterior wall (or wall plate) of a building, supporting the roof sheathing and providing a nailing surface for the fascia boards. When not exposed it serves to fasten the finish materials of the eaves.
Rafter ties are designed to tie together the bottoms of opposing rafters on a roof, to resist the outward thrust where the roof meets the house ceiling and walls. This helps keep walls from spreading due to the weight of the roof and anything on it, notably wet snow. In many or most homes, the ceiling joists also serve as the rafter ties. When ...
This is accomplished by using metal ties fastened to each rafter or truss. This is not normally a problem in areas not prone to high wind or extreme weather conditions. In the UK, a concrete tiled roof would normally have rafters at 600 mm (24 in) centers, roof battens at 300 mm (12 in) centers and ceiling joists at 400 mm (16 in) centers.
The outermost joist in half timber construction may be of a more durable species than the interior joists. In a barn, loose poles above the drive floor are called a scaffold . Between the joists, the area called a joist-bay, and above the ceiling in some old houses is material called pugging , which was used to deaden sound, insulate, and ...
A tie in building construction is an element in tension rather than compression and most collar beams are designed to work in compression to keep the rafters from sagging. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] A collar near the bottom of the rafters may replace a tie beam and be designed to keep the rafters from spreading, thus are in tension: these are correctly called ...
Architects, engineers and builders found it difficult to compare rated capacities and to use fully the economies of steel joist construction. Gable steel joists being erected. Members of the industry began to organize the institute, and in 1928 the first standard specifications were adopted, followed in 1929 by the first load table. The joists ...