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It is part of the first generation of matter, has an electric charge of + 2 / 3 e and a bare mass of 2.2 +0.5 −0.4 MeV/c 2. [1] Like all quarks, the up quark is an elementary fermion with spin 1 / 2 , and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions.
The prevailing model of atomic structure before Rutherford's experiments was devised by J. J. Thomson. [2]: 123 Thomson had discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays [3] and proposed that they existed within atoms, and an electric current is electrons hopping from one atom to an adjacent one in a series.
Electron mass 0.511 MeV 2 m μ: Muon mass 105.7 MeV 3 m τ: Tau mass 1.78 GeV 4 m u: Up quark mass μ MS = 2 GeV 1.9 MeV 5 m d: Down quark mass μ MS = 2 GeV 4.4 MeV 6 m s: Strange quark mass μ MS = 2 GeV 87 MeV 7 m c: Charm quark mass μ MS = m c: 1.32 GeV 8 m b: Bottom quark mass μ MS = m b: 4.24 GeV 9 m t: Top quark mass On shell scheme ...
A quark (/ k w ɔːr k, k w ɑːr k /) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. [1]
However, the mass and charge observed in experiments are not the original mass and charge but the mass and charge as modified by field reactions, and they are finite. On the other hand, the mass and charge appearing in the theory are… the values modified by field reactions.
At a distance of 10 −15 m, its strength is around 100 times that of the electromagnetic force, some 10 6 times as great as that of the weak force, and about 10 38 times that of gravitation. The strong force is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a part of the Standard Model of particle physics.
[5] [6] Glashow also justified the name as "a magical device to avert evil", because adding the charm quark would prohibit unwanted and unseen decays in the three-quark theory at the time. [5] The charm quark is also called the "charmed quark" in both academic and non-academic contexts. [7] [8] [9] The symbol of the charm quark is "c". [10]
The principle of the electron was first theorised in the period of 1838–1851 by a natural philosopher by the name of Richard Laming who speculated the existence of sub-atomic, unit charged particles; he also pictured the atom as being an 'electrosphere' of concentric shells of electrical particles surrounding a material core.