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In Indian philosophy, of which Hindu philosophy is a prominent subset, the word used for philosophy is Darshana (Sanskrit: दर्शन; meaning: "viewpoint or perspective"), from the Sanskrit root 'दृश' (drish) meaning 'to see, to experience'. [1]
Hinduism comprises a large array of religious and philosophical movements primarily found in the Indian subcontinent. Most of it is based on ideas that partially align with the Vedas and thus includes the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy, known as the astika schools, or more generally as the six branches of Hindu philosophy .
Similarly, though Buddhism is considered to be nāstika, Gautama Buddha is considered an avatar of the god Vishnu in some Hindu denominations. [11] Due to its acceptance of the Vedas, āstika philosophy, in the original sense, is often equivalent to Hindu philosophy: philosophy that developed alongside the Hindu religion.
Buddhism and Hinduism mutually influenced each other and shared many concepts, however it is now difficult to identify and describe these influences. [54] Buddhism rejected the Vedic concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (soul, self) at the foundation of Hindu philosophies. [55] [56] [57] [58]
It is the modern form of Advaita Vedanta, states King (1999, p. 135), the neo-Vedantists subsumed the Buddhist philosophies as part of the Vedanta tradition [y] and then argued that all the world religions are same "non-dualistic position as the philosophia perennis", ignoring the differences within and outside of Hinduism. [168]
The six āstika schools of Hindu philosophy, which recognise the authority of the Vedas are: Sānkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Mimāmsā, and Vedānta. [19] [20] Classified by primary deity or deities, four major Hinduism modern currents are Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Devi) and Smartism (five deities treated as equals).
In the context of classical philosophy, it is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. [35] Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of Anumana. [8] In all except one Hindu philosophies, [36] this is a valid and useful means
Yoga philosophy is one of the six major important schools of Hindu philosophy, [1] [2] though it is only at the end of the first millennium CE that Yoga is mentioned as a separate school of thought in Indian texts, distinct from Samkhya. [3] [4] [web 1] Ancient, medieval and most modern literature often refers to Yoga-philosophy simply as Yoga.