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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between distant branches on the tree of life. In evolution , it can scramble the information needed to reconstruct the phylogeny of organisms , how they are related to one another.
For example, of particular relevance to human health is the lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity determinants, leading to the emergence of pathogenic lineages. [ 1 ] Inferring horizontal gene transfer through computational identification of HGT events relies upon the investigation of sequence composition or evolutionary ...
Horizontal gene transfer also plays a role in the spread of virulence factors, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes, amongst bacteria. [5] A prime example concerning the spread of exotoxins is the adaptive evolution of Shiga toxins in E. coli through horizontal gene transfer via transduction with Shigella species of bacteria. [57]
The phrase horizontal evolution is used in evolutionary biology to refer to: . Concerted evolution, whereby individual members of a DNA family within one species are more closely related to each other than to members of the same type of DNA family in other species; [1]
Horizontal transmission is the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship. Because the evolutionary fate of the agent is not tied to reproductive success of the host, horizontal transmission tends to evolve virulence .
Introgression is an important source of genetic variation in natural populations and may contribute to adaptation and even adaptive radiation. [7] It can occur across hybrid zones due to chance, selection or hybrid zone movement. [8]
Also called functionalism. The Darwinian view that many or most physiological and behavioral traits of organisms are adaptations that have evolved for specific functions or for specific reasons (as opposed to being byproducts of the evolution of other traits, consequences of biological constraints, or the result of random variation). adaptive radiation The simultaneous or near-simultaneous ...
In genetics, the term horizontal resistance was first used by J. E. Vanderplank [1] to describe many-gene resistance, which is sometimes also called generalized resistance. [2] This contrasts with the term vertical resistance which was used to describe single-gene resistance. Raoul A. Robinson [3] further refined the definition of horizontal ...