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Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture.Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe 2 O 3 ·nH 2 O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH) 3), and is typically associated with the corrosion of refined iron.
The Schikorr reaction can occur in the process of anaerobic corrosion of iron and carbon steel in various conditions. Anaerobic corrosion of metallic iron to give iron(II) hydroxide and hydrogen: 3 (Fe + 2 H 2 O → Fe(OH) 2 + H 2) followed by the Schikorr reaction: 3 Fe(OH) 2 → Fe 3 O 4 + 2 H 2 O + H 2. give the following global reaction:
A similar galvanic reaction is exploited in primary cells to generate a useful electrical voltage to power portable devices. This phenomenon is named after Italian physician Luigi Galvani (1737–1798). A similar type of corrosion caused by the presence of an external electric current is called electrolytic corrosion.
Iron(III) oxide is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in strong acid, e.g., hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It also dissolves well in solutions of chelating agents such as EDTA and oxalic acid. Heating iron(III) oxides with other metal oxides or carbonates yields materials known as ferrates (ferrate (III)): [18] ZnO + Fe 2 O 3 → Zn(FeO ...
Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common. [68] 2 Fe + 3 X 2 → 2 FeX 3 (X = F, Cl, Br) Ferric iodide is an exception, being thermodynamically unstable due to the oxidizing power of Fe 3+ and the high reducing power of I −: [68] 2 I − + 2 Fe 3+ → I 2 ...
However, it does not react with concentrated nitric acid and other oxidizing acids due to the formation of an impervious oxide layer, which can nevertheless react with hydrochloric acid. [10] High purity iron, called electrolytic iron, is considered to be resistant to rust, due to its oxide layer.
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Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide. It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion. [1] [2]