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Bt cotton was created through the addition of genes encoding toxin crystals in the Cry group of endotoxin. [1] When insects attack and eat the cotton plant the Cry toxins or crystal protein are dissolved due to the high pH level of the insect's stomach.
It reached the cotton belt in the southern United States by the 1920s. It was a major pest in the cotton fields of the southern California deserts. The USDA announced in 2018 [2] that it had been eradicated from the continental United States, through the synergistic combination of using transgenic Bt cotton and releasing sterile males. [3]
The increase in sucking pests depended on local temperature and rainfall conditions and increased in half the villages studied. The increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. [91]
It is known as the cotton bollworm, corn earworm, Old World (African) bollworm, or scarce bordered straw (the lattermost in the UK, where it is a migrant). [2] [1] The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including many important cultivated crops. It is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species.
Helicoverpa zea is the most common and destructive pest of soybean growth in Virginia. [35] About one-third of Virginia acreage is treated annually with insecticide, costing farmers around 2 million dollars. [35] The degree of damage varies on the size of the pest infestation, the timing, and the stage of the plant. [35]
Cotton bollworms are a significant pest of cotton. [1] "A major pest in hot countries of irrigated crops. Enters into a summer diapause when irrigated crops are not present and the soil and air temperatures are high. When the end of the dry season comes, the rain cools the soil and pupae come out of diapause." (Nibouche 2004)
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Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton, has improved the management of a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm.