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Manganese is an essential human dietary element and is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. Manganese is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. [8] The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones.
Manganese is also important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants. The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it is responsible for the terminal photooxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis , and has a metalloenzyme core ...
Manganese is a necessary element for biological functions such as photosynthesis, and some manganese oxidizing bacteria utilize this element in anoxic environments. [2] [3] Movement of manganese (Mn) among the global "spheres" (described below) is mediated by both physical and biological processes.
Manganese may also form mixed oxides with other metals : Bixbyite, (Fe III,Mn III) 2 O 3, a manganese(III) iron(III) oxide mineral; Jacobsite, Mn II Fe III 2 O 4, a manganese(II) iron(III) oxide mineral; Columbite, (Fe II,Mn II)Nb 2 O 6, a niobate of iron(II) and manganese(II) Tantalite, (Fe II,Mn II)Ta 2 O 6, a tantalum(V) mineral group close ...
Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number of 25. It is found as the free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. The free element is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses. Manganese ions are variously colored, and are used industrially as pigments and as
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol. [2] A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing. [3]
Naturally occurring manganese (25 Mn) is composed of one stable isotope, 55 Mn. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 53 Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54 Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and 52 Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days.
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest. [ 1 ]