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A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with any of the keywords class, struct or union (the first two are collectively referred to as non-union classes) that has data and functions (also called member variables and member functions) as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public.
[4] [5] Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other. [ citation needed ] A noteworthy feature of the C++ Standard Library is that it not only specifies the syntax and semantics of generic algorithms, but also places requirements on their performance. [ 6 ]
While typename is now the preferred keyword, older source code may still use the class keyword instead (for example see the difference in source code examples between The Design and Evolution of C++ by Bjarne Stroustrup published in 1994 and the source code examples in The C++ Programming Language: Fourth Edition by Bjarne Stroustrup published ...
[26] [27] In C++, an abstract class is a class having at least one abstract method given by the appropriate syntax in that language (a pure virtual function in C++ parlance). [25] A class consisting of only pure virtual methods is called a pure abstract base class (or pure ABC) in C++ and is also known as an interface by users of the language. [13]
Thus, fetching the method's address from a given offset into a virtual method table will get the method corresponding to the object's actual class. [2] The C++ standards do not mandate exactly how dynamic dispatch must be implemented, but compilers generally use minor variations on the same basic model.
Modern C++ compilers are tuned to minimize abstraction penalties arising from heavy use of the STL. The STL was created as the first library of generic algorithms and data structures for C++, with four ideas in mind: generic programming , abstractness without loss of efficiency, the Von Neumann computation model , [ 2 ] and value semantics .
C++ does not support explicit repeated inheritance since there would be no way to qualify which superclass to use (i.e. having a class appear more than once in a single derivation list [class Dog : public Animal, Animal]). C++ also allows a single instance of the multiple class to be created via the virtual inheritance mechanism (i.e. Worker ...
The bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering that is meant to "decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently", introduced by the Gang of Four. [1]