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At one time, cotton growers applied more than 41 percent of all insecticides in agricultural use; they regularly sprayed their cotton as many as 15 times a season. In contrast, under this program, only two applications are made by the third year, and this number may be reduced to nearly zero when the nationwide program is completed.
Bt cotton was created through the addition of genes encoding toxin crystals in the Cry group of endotoxin. [1] When insects attack and eat the cotton plant the Cry toxins or crystal protein are dissolved due to the high pH level of the insect's stomach.
Chlorfenapyr was developed by American Cyanamid from the natural product dioxapyrrolomycin, which was isolated from Streptomyces fumanus. [2]The United States Environmental Protection Agency initially denied registration in 2000 for use on cotton primarily because of concerns that the insecticide was toxic to birds and because effective alternatives were available. [3]
The pesticide manual provides much information on pesticides. [6] [7] Many of the insecticides in the list are not in use. The developer of a pesticide applies for a common name when they intend to sell it, but some nevertheless do not reach the market. Many insecticides have been banned or otherwise withdrawn from the market over the decades.
Aldicarb is a carbamate insecticide which is the active substance in the pesticide Temik. It is effective against thrips, aphids, spider mites, lygus, fleahoppers, and leafminers, but is primarily used as a nematicide. [2] Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse.
The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae.The boll weevil feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, [1] it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South.
Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and the 1970s. [3] [4] Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. [3] [5] It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid. [3]
Fenobucarb is a carbamate insecticide, also widely known as BPMC. A pale yellow or pale red liquid, insoluble in water; used as an agricultural insecticide, especially for control of Hemipteran pests, on rice and cotton and moderately toxic for humans. [1] [2]