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Subtraction also obeys predictable rules concerning related operations, such as addition and multiplication. All of these rules can be proven, starting with the subtraction of integers and generalizing up through the real numbers and beyond. General binary operations that follow these patterns are studied in abstract algebra.
Several algorithms in number theory and cryptography use differences of squares to find factors of integers and detect composite numbers. A simple example is the Fermat factorization method , which considers the sequence of numbers x i := a i 2 − N {\displaystyle x_{i}:=a_{i}^{2}-N} , for a i := ⌈ N ⌉ + i {\displaystyle a_{i}:=\left\lceil ...
A subtraction problem such as is solved by borrowing a 10 from the tens place to add to the ones place in order to facilitate the subtraction. Subtracting 9 from 6 involves borrowing a 10 from the tens place, making the problem into +. This is indicated by crossing out the 8, writing a 7 above it, and writing a 1 above the 6.
Examples are = and =. Subtraction is often treated as a special case of addition: instead of subtracting a positive number, it is also possible to add a negative number. For instance = + (). This helps to simplify mathematical computations by reducing the number of basic arithmetic operations needed to perform calculations.
The smaller numbers, for use when subtracting, are the nines' complement of the larger numbers, which are used when adding. In mathematics and computing , the method of complements is a technique to encode a symmetric range of positive and negative integers in a way that they can use the same algorithm (or mechanism ) for addition throughout ...
For example, negative three is the result of subtracting three from zero: 0 − 3 = −3. In general, the subtraction of a larger number from a smaller yields a negative result, with the magnitude of the result being the difference between the two numbers.