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Machining is a form of subtractive manufacturing, [1] which utilizes machine tools, in contrast to additive manufacturing (e.g. 3D printing), which uses controlled addition of material. Machining is a major process of the manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on other materials such as wood, plastic, ceramic, and ...
High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset of tool steels, commonly used as cutting tool material. It is superior to high-carbon steel tools in that it can withstand higher temperatures without losing its temper (hardness). This property allows HSS to cut faster than high carbon steel, hence the name high-speed steel.
Milling is the process of machining using rotary cutters to remove material [1] by advancing a cutter into a workpiece. This may be done by varying directions [2] on one or several axes, cutter head speed, and pressure. [3]
Ultra-high speed grinding (UHSG) can run at speeds higher than 40,000 fpm (200 m/s), taking 41 s to remove 1 in 3 (16 cm 3) of material, but is still in the research-and-development (R&D) stage. It also requires high spindle power and high spindle speeds.
The company developed the first drop-tank wire EDM in 1994, [6] and HQSF (High-Quality Surface Finish) technology with patented uSc additive in 1996, [6] increasing the ability to finish parts without hand polishing when using a ram EDM. In 2003, Makino developed the first conventional horizontal wire EDM that automatically threads and machines ...
Although high speed tool steel has been used in the past it is quickly being replaced by carbide, ceramic, or diamond tooling. Because carbide inserts are long lasting and easily replaced, they lend themselves to high production. Ceramic tools are brittle but can withstand high temperatures. This makes high speed machining possible.
High speed steel is commonly used when a special tool shape is needed, not usually used for high production processes. Ceramics inserts are typically used in high speed machining with high production.
Cutting speed may be defined as the rate at the workpiece surface, irrespective of the machining operation used. A cutting speed for mild steel of 100 ft/min is the same whether it is the speed of the cutter passing over the workpiece, such as in a turning operation, or the speed of the cutter moving past a workpiece, such as in a milling operation.