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Productive aging refers to activities which older people engage in on a daily basis. Older adults have opportunities and constraints which are related to the productive aging process. The community and society need to develop more options for older adults to choose their way of being engaged in the community and contributing to others.
The activity theory and the disengagement theory were the two major theories that outlined successful aging in the early 1960s. [4] The theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst in 1961. [ 1 ] In 1964, Bernice Neugarten asserted that satisfaction in old age depended on active maintenance of personal relationships and endeavors.
The stratigraphy of an archaeological site can be used to date, or refine the date, of particular activities ("contexts") on that site. For example, if a context is sealed between two other contexts of known date, it can be inferred that the middle context must date to between those dates.
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In 1968 it took the form and became known as the neuroendocrine theory of aging. [38] [39] [40] 1956 Denham Harman proposed the free-radical theory of aging and demonstrated that free radical reactions contribute to the degradation of biological systems. [41] The theory is based on the ideas of Rebeca Gerschman and her colleagues put forward in ...
Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older. The term refers mainly to humans , many other animals , and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal .
The theory distinguishes normal aging from pathological aging, neglecting the older adults with chronic illness. The feminist theories criticise the continuity theory for defining normal aging around a male model. [6] Another weakness of the theory is that it fails to demonstrate how social institutions impact the individuals and the way they age.
According to this theory, life span development has multiple trajectories (positive, negative, stable) and causes (biological, psychological, social, and cultural). Individual variation is a hallmark of this theory – not all individuals develop and age at the same rate and in the same manner. [15] Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory