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Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...
The Spalding Method teaches reading by focusing first on phonics and writing. It was developed by Romalda Bishop Spalding in the late 1950s [ 1 ] as a multi-disciplinary educational tool. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Open Court Reading; name changed to "Imagine It!" in 2008; Orton-Gillingham; Phono-graphix (1993) – developed by Carmen and Geoffrey McGuinness; Preventing Academic Failure (PAF) program (1978) Reading Mastery by SRA/McGraw-Hill, previously known as DISTAR; Smart Way Reading and Spelling (2001) Spalding Method
In 2002, author Samuel L. Blumenfeld, a supporter of teaching reading skills with phonics reading, argued that the Dick and Jane series and others that used the whole-word, look-say, or sight-reading method caused poor reading skills among the millions of American students who learned to read using this method. [20]
During the 1970s and early 1980s, the pendulum did swing back toward a more phonics-based approach. During the latter part of the 1980s, basal usage declined as reading programs began to turn to whole language and so-called balanced reading programs that relied more heavily on trade books, rather than textbooks. The 1990s and early years of the ...
Criticism of LLI and the Fountas and Pinnell reading levels have focused on three main issues: the amount and sequencing of phonics instruction in the series; the research evidence for the program's effectiveness; and the program's underlying model of reading.
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