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The decrees are compromises, but are considered a victory for Shakman, as political patronage was largely abolished in Chicago. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In 2022, after more than fifty years of litigation, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated the consent decree as to one of the defendants, the governor of Illinois , citing ...
Shakman, along with Paul M. Lurie, filed a class action suit claiming the Democratic Organization of Cook County was in violation of the First Amendment and the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Shakman claimed that the defendants, a number of government employees and politicians, had violated the fundamental rights of a fair ...
Roger Sherman (April 19, 1721 – July 23, 1793) was an early American statesman, lawyer, and a Founding Father of the United States.He is the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution.
The result was a series of court-ordered reforms known as the Shakman decrees that banned political considerations in hiring and firing in Chicago, Cook County and Illinois government. More than ...
This weekend, Americans will hold barbecues and parades to celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence, a document that's endured to this day as an icon of American freedom.
Congress Voting Independence, by Robert Edge Pine (1784–1788), depicts the Committee of Five in the center Writing the Declaration of Independence, 1776, Jean Leon Gerome Ferris' idealized 1900 depiction of (left to right) Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson of the Committee of Five working on the Declaration.
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was an armed conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.
The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America by Armand-Dumaresq (c. 1873) has been hanging in the White House Cabinet Room since the late 1980s. The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining.