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Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.
There is no quantum theory of time measurement; relativity is both fundamental to time and difficult to include in quantum mechanics. [36] While position and momentum are associated with a single particle, time is a system property: it has no operator needed for the Robertson–Schrödinger relation. [ 1 ]
A fundamental physical constant occurring in quantum mechanics is the Planck constant, h. A common abbreviation is ħ = h /2 π , also known as the reduced Planck constant or Dirac constant . Quantity (common name/s)
In the words of quantum physicist Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics deals with "nature as She is—absurd". [4] Features of quantum mechanics often defy simple explanations in everyday language. One example of this is the uncertainty principle: precise measurements of position cannot be combined with precise measurements of velocity.
In classical mechanics, a special status is assigned to time in the sense that it is treated as a classical background parameter, external to the system itself.This special role is seen in the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics: all measurements of observables are made at certain instants of time and probabilities are only assigned to such measurements.
The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as wave function and matrix mechanics, progressed through many stages.For instance, Erwin Schrödinger originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but Max Born reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's probability density distributed across space; [3]: 24–33 ...
The timeline of quantum mechanics is a list of key events in the history of quantum ... and the details of experimental results are very difficult to interpret on ...
The New Quantum Age: From Bell's Theorem to Quantum Computation and Teleportation, Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-958913-5; Stephen Hawking. The Dreams that Stuff is Made of, Running Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-76-243434-3; A. Douglas Stone. Einstein and the Quantum, the Quest of the Valiant Swabian, Princeton University Press, 2006.