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The Marcus Gunn pupil is a relative afferent pupillary defect indicating a decreased pupillary response to light in the affected eye. [3] In the swinging flashlight test, a light is alternately shone into the left and right eyes. A normal response would be equal constriction of both pupils, regardless of which eye the light is directed at.
Tadpole pupil is diagnosed and characterized by the abnormality of the pupil shape. The pupil can disorient itself in different ways before it returns to its original shape. [ 6 ] For example, the pupil may stretch out to a 7 o'clock position, [ 6 ] i.e. the pupil points in the same direction the hour hand on a clock would at 7 o'clock.
The size of the pupil (often measured as diameter) can vary between 8 to 1.5 mm. [4] Pupil size can be a symptom of an underlying disease. Dilation of the pupil is known as mydriasis and contraction as miosis .
Myopia; Other names: near-sightedness, short-sightedness: Diagram showing changes in the eye with myopia: Specialty: Ophthalmology, optometry: Symptoms: Distant objects appear blurry, close objects appear normal, headaches, eye strain [1]
Doubling pupil diameter increases the spherical aberration component by a factor of 16. [7] Thus, a small change in pupil size can cause a significant change in spherical aberration. This possibility should be considered in patients who have fluctuating vision despite well-healed corneas following keratorefractive surgery.
The main characteristic that distinguishes physiological anisocoria is an increase of pupil size with lower light or reduced illumination, such that the pupils differ in size between the two eyes. At any given eye examination, up to 41% of healthy patients can show an anisocoria of 0.4 mm or more at one time or another.
For an adequate test, vision must not be entirely lost. In dim room light, the examiner notes the size of the pupils. The patient is asked to gaze into the distance, and the examiner swings the beam of a penlight back and forth from one pupil to the other, and observes the size of pupils and reaction in the eye that is lit.
The Neurological Pupil index, or NPi, is an algorithm developed by NeurOptics, Inc., that removes subjectivity from the pupillary evaluation. A patient's pupil measurement (including variables such as size, latency, constriction velocity, dilation velocity, etc.) is obtained using a pupillometer, and the measurement is compared against a normative model of pupil reaction to light and ...