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Adie tonic pupil: Tonic pupil is usually an isolated benign entity, presenting in young women. It may be associated with loss of deep tendon reflex (Adie's syndrome). Tonic pupil is characterized by delayed dilation of the iris, especially after near stimulus, segmental iris constriction, and sensitivity of pupil to a weak solution of pilocarpine.
Micropsia is a condition affecting human visual perception in which objects are perceived to be smaller than they actually are. Micropsia can be caused by optical factors (such as wearing glasses), by distortion of images in the eye (such as optically, via swelling of the cornea or from changes in the shape of the retina such as from retinal edema, macular degeneration, or central serous ...
A normal population survey showed that during poor light or near dark conditions, differences of 1 mm on average between pupils was found. [3] The presence of physiologic anisocoria has been estimated at 20% of the normal population, so some degree of pupil difference may be expected in at least 1 in 5 clinic patients. [citation needed]
Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves .
Argyll Robertson pupils (AR pupils) are bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object (i.e., they accommodate), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light (i.e., they do not react). They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis; however, Argyll Robertson pupils may also be a sign of diabetic neuropathy.
Presbyopia, like other focal imperfections, becomes less noticeable in bright sunlight when the pupil becomes smaller. [8] As with any lens, increasing the focal ratio of the lens increases depth of field by reducing the level of blur of out-of-focus objects (compare the effect of aperture on depth of field in photography ).
The fourth installment of the advance portion of the child tax credit payments was deposited into millions of eligible families' bank accounts last Friday. However, for many, the amount received ...
The extraneous pupil is c. 2.5mm away from the principal pupil. In cases of true polycoria there is an intact sphincter muscle , which contracts and dilates the pupils. [ 5 ] In an eye without polycoria, the sphincter muscle is a part of the iris that functions to constrict and dilate the pupil.