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In general, if an increase of x percent is followed by a decrease of x percent, and the initial amount was p, the final amount is p (1 + 0.01 x)(1 − 0.01 x) = p (1 − (0.01 x) 2); hence the net change is an overall decrease by x percent of x percent (the square of the original percent change when expressed as a decimal number).
If the return in 2015 was 10% in Singapore dollars, and the Singapore dollar rose by 5% against the US dollar over 2015, then so long as there were no flows in 2015, the return over 2015 in US dollars is: 1.1 x 1.05 − 1 = 15.5%. The return between the beginning of 2015 and the end of January 2016 in US dollars is: 1.155 x 1.07 − 1 = 23.585%
The percent sign % (sometimes per cent sign in British English) is the symbol used to indicate a percentage, a number or ratio as a fraction of 100. Related signs include the permille (per thousand) sign ‰ and the permyriad (per ten thousand) sign ‱ (also known as a basis point), which indicate that a number is divided by one thousand or ten thousand, respectively.
The efficiency ratio indicates the expenses as a percentage of revenue (expenses / revenue), with a few variations – it is essentially how much a corporation or individual spends to make a dollar; entities are supposed to attempt minimizing efficiency ratios (reducing expenses and increasing earnings). The concept typically applies to banks.
The interest expense for fiscal year 2019 is $363 billion, or 7.9% of the total budget. According to estimates from the Office of Management and Budget, interest on government debt is expected to more than double by 2028 and account for a larger percentage of total expenditures. [11]
Profit margin is calculated with selling price (or revenue) taken as base times 100. It is the percentage of selling price that is turned into profit, whereas "profit percentage" or "markup" is the percentage of cost price that one gets as profit on top of cost price.
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[dubious – discuss] [7] Additionally, in finance the term is sometimes spelled "mil". [8] Cf. basis point. Some exchanges allow prices to be accounted in ten-thousandths of a dollar ($29.4125 = 29,412.5₥ for example). This last digit is sometimes called a "decimill" or "deci-mill", but no exchange officially recognizes the term.