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Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are clean alternatives for traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems.. ABS are formed when either two polymers, one polymer and one kosmotropic salt, or two salts (one chaotropic salt and the other a kosmotropic salt) are mixed at appropriate concentrations or at a particular temperature.
(Colven, 1956; Davidson, 1957) [2] The equipment units can be arrayed as: extraction (moving an ion of interest from an aqueous phase to an organic phase), washing (rinsing entrained aqueous contaminant out of an organic phase containing the ion of interest), and; stripping (moving an ion of interest from an organic phase into an aqueous phase).
Phase 1 is typically an organic solvent and 2 an aqueous phase. Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase, and a lower aqueous phase. Schematic representation of a Soxhlet extractor:
Under neutral conditions (pH 7-8), both DNA and RNA partition into the aqueous phase. In a last step, the nucleic acids are recovered from the aqueous phase by precipitation with 2-propanol. The 2-propanol is then washed with ethanol and the pellet briefly air-dried and dissolved in TE buffer or RNAse free water.
The aqueous phase is being drained into the beaker. A separatory funnel , also known as a separation funnel , separating funnel , or colloquially sep funnel , is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate ( partition ) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities . [ 1 ]
Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according to its relative solubility in the two phases.
With a typical liquid mass diffusivity in the order of 10 −9 m 2 /s, [2] the characteristic time for diffusion through a 20 micron thick liquid layer is 0.4 s. Therefore, the thinness of both phases (organic and aqueous) causes a relatively "immediate" mass transfer of guest species from one phase to the other, which means that this process has a low mass transfer resistance.
The liquid-liquid extraction for the selective actinide partitioning (SANEX-like processes) consists of an organic phase, containing an extracting agent dissolved in a suitable solvent mixture, and an aqueous phase, containing the irradiated fuel dissolution in hot nitric acid. The two phases are vigorously mixed to promote the extraction kinetics.