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Sixtus V died on 27 August 1590 from malaria. The pope became ill with a fever on 24 August which intensified the following day. As Sixtus V lay on his deathbed, he was loathed by his political subjects, but history has recognized him as one of the most important popes. On the negative side, he could be impulsive, obstinate, severe, and autocratic.
In 1586, Pope Sixtus V mandated that the maximum number of cardinals would be seventy. [9] Of this seventy, the College of Cardinals had sixty-nine members at the time of Clement VIII's death but only sixty of these were present for the opening of the first conclave of 1605, and sixty-one electors were present for the election of Leo XI.
Most executions were related to the punishment of civil crimes committed within the Papal States, with the condemned convicted within the civil courts of the Papal States; for example, in 1585, Pope Sixtus V initiated a "zero tolerance" crackdown on crime, which according to legend resulted in more severed heads collected on the Castel Sant ...
In 1586, Pope Sixtus V had mandated that the maximum number of cardinals be seventy. [4] Of these, the College of Cardinals had sixty-nine total members at the time of Clement VIII's death. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Following Leo's election, Girolamo Agucchi had also died on 27 April, the same day as Leo, reducing the total number of cardinals in the College ...
Pope Pius V Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1570. Regnans in Excelsis ("Reigning on High") is a papal bull that Pope Pius V issued on 25 February 1570. It excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England, referring to her as "the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime", declared her a heretic, and released her subjects from allegiance to her, even those who had "sworn oaths to her", and ...
Napoleon Bonaparte abolished the pope's temporal power in 1809, incorporating Rome and Latium into his First French Empire. Pope Pius VII himself was even taken prisoner by Napoleon. However, the pope's temporal power was restored by the Great powers at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
As a crime of thought, heresy was difficult to ascertain. At times, there was evidence in the form of forbidden books, letters, or documents. [ 39 ] But the inquisition primarily investigated opinions and ideas, and the inquisitor's role was to probe the intellect and will of the accused individual and discover his motives and intentions.
In 1587, Sixtus V established the special congregation to draw up a new ecclesiastical code. The printed work was submitted to Clement VIII in 1598 for his approbation, which was refused. A new revision undertaken in 1607-08 had a similar fate, the reigning pope Paul V declining to approve the Liber Septimus as the obligatory legal code of the ...