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In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable [1] is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom , but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique.
An initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) [5] is a block of bits that is used by several modes to randomize the encryption and hence to produce distinct ciphertexts even if the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times, without the need for a slower re-keying process. [citation needed]
Like Galois/Counter Mode, AES-GCM-SIV combines the well-known counter mode of encryption with the Galois mode of authentication. The key feature is the use of a synthetic initialization vector (SIV) which is computed with Galois field multiplication using a construction called POLYVAL (a little-endian variant of Galois/Counter Mode's GHASH).
In the popular cipher block chaining (CBC) mode, for encryption to be secure the initialization vector passed along with the plaintext message must be a random or pseudo-random value, which is added in an exclusive-or manner to the first plaintext block before it is encrypted. The resultant ciphertext block is then used as the new ...
This table specifies the input permutation on a 64-bit block. The meaning is as follows: the first bit of the output is taken from the 58th bit of the input; the second bit from the 50th bit, and so on, with the last bit of the output taken from the 7th bit of the input.
The state is initialized by an initialization vector IV (constant for each cipher type, e.g., hex 80400c0600000000 for Ascon-128) concatenated with K and N. [9]
The algorithm starts with an initial value, the initialization vector (IV). The IV is a fixed value (algorithm- or implementation-specific). For each message block, the compression (or compacting) function f takes the result so far, combines it with the message block, and produces an intermediate result. The last block is padded with zeros as ...
Algorithm BLAKE2b Input: M Message to be hashed cbMessageLen: Number, (0..2 128) Length of the message in bytes Key Optional 0..64 byte key cbKeyLen: Number, (0..64) Length of optional key in bytes cbHashLen: Number, (1..64) Desired hash length in bytes Output: Hash Hash of cbHashLen bytes Initialize State vector h with IV h 0..7 ← IV 0..7 ...