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The term "ecosystem management" has been in use at least since the 1950s. [11] The term "ecosystem health" has become widespread in the ecological literature, as a general metaphor meaning something good, [12] and as an environmental quality goal in field assessments of rivers, [13] lakes, [14] seas, [15] and forests. [16]
For example, ecosystems do not serve as singular resources but rather are function-dependent in providing an array of ecosystem services. Additionally, this type of stewardship recognizes resource managers and management systems as influential and informed participants in the natural systems that are serviced by humans.
Human health, in its broadest sense, is recognized as having ecological foundations. [6] The term health is intended to evoke human environmental health concerns, which are often closely related (but as a part of medicine not ecology). As with ecocide, that term assumes that ecosystems can be said to be alive (see also Gaia philosophy on this ...
[1] [2] [3] Although indigenous communities have employed sustainable ecosystem management approaches implicitly for millennia, ecosystem management emerged explicitly as a formal concept in the 1990s from a growing appreciation of the complexity of ecosystems and of humans' reliance and influence on natural systems (e.g., disturbance and ...
However, the term appears to have come into common use in the medical and public health literature in the mid-twentieth century. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] This was strengthened in 1971 by the publication of Epidemiology as Medical Ecology , [ 43 ] and again in 1987 by the publication of a textbook on Public Health and Human Ecology . [ 44 ]
Sustainable quality improvement looks to take a broader view of the measurable effect, considering social and environmental outcomes alongside financial ones. This is also known as the Triple Bottom Line. This principle was applied to the sustainable value of healthcare [18] by including sustainability as a domain of quality in healthcare. [18]
Ecological indicators are used to communicate information about ecosystems and the impact human activity has on ecosystems to groups such as the public or government policy makers. Ecosystems are complex and ecological indicators can help describe them in simpler terms that can be understood and used by non-scientists to make management decisions.
The test may start with eggs, embryos, or juveniles and last from 24 hours to 96 hours [citation needed]. EC50 is the concentration that causes adverse effects in 50% of the test organisms (for a binary yes/no effect such as mortality or a specified sublethal effect) or causes a 50% (usually) reduction in a non-binary parameter such as growth.