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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. [64] Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. [65] Neither drug has been useful to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. [5] [6] While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. [5] It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. [5]
Quinine, like chloroquine, inactivates enzymes in the lysosomes of cells and has an anti-inflammatory effect, hence its use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, inactivation of these enzymes can also cause abnormal accumulation of glycogen and phospholipids in lysosomes, causing toxic myopathy. It is possible this action is the ...
The disease is named because it is a porphyria that often presents with skin manifestations later in life. The disorder results from low levels of the enzyme responsible for the fifth step in heme production. Heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs. It is a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood.
Quinidine is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent used to treat heart rhythm disturbances. [1] It is a diastereomer of antimalarial agent quinine , [ 2 ] originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.
Among the quinoline alkaloids are the cinchona alkaloids quinine and quinidine, which are important due to their therapeutic potential, furthermore cinchonine and cinchonidine, as well as some furoquinoline alkaloids and acridine alkaloids.
The drug should be given in doses between 25 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg over three days in a similar method to that used in chloroquine administration. Adverse reactions are generally similar in severity and type to that seen in chloroquine treatment. [11] In addition, bradycardia, itching, nausea, vomiting and some abdominal pain have been recorded.
Oral formulations (under trade name such as Endiaron [2]) are used in infectious diarrhea, disorders of the intestinal microflora (e.g. after antibiotic treatment), giardiasis, inflammatory bowel disease. It is also useful for dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis., [3] as used in shampoos (Capitrol) and dermal creams like (Valpeda, Triaderm).