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The photon having non-zero linear momentum, one could imagine that it has a non-vanishing rest mass m 0, which is its mass at zero speed. However, we will now show that this is not the case: m 0 = 0. Since the photon propagates with the speed of light, special relativity is called for. The relativistic expressions for energy and momentum ...
Alan Kostelecký and Stuart Samuel showed in 1989 that mechanisms arising in the context of string theory can lead to spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry. [6] [7] A set of models at the level of effective field theory were defined that contained gravitational fields and a vector field B μ that has a nonzero vacuum expectation value, <B μ > = b μ.
Physical examples, in the same order, are the Higgs field, the photon field, and the graviton field. Of the last two, only the photon field can be quantized using the conventional methods of canonical or path integral quantization. This has led to the theory of quantum electrodynamics, one of the most successful theories in physics.
Photon statistics is the theoretical and experimental study of the statistical distributions produced in photon counting experiments, which use photodetectors to analyze the intrinsic statistical nature of photons in a light source.
The connection between the photon antisymmetric tensor and the two-component Weyl equation was also noted by Sen. [26] One can also produce the above results using a two-component neutrino theory. [9] To compute the commutation relations for the photon field, one needs the equation,
In the presence of an electric field, e.g., the electromagnetic field around an electron, these particle–antiparticle pairs reposition themselves, thus partially counteracting the field (a partial screening effect, a dielectric effect). The field therefore will be weaker than would be expected if the vacuum were completely empty.
“Jeremy is a method actor,” Casey tells Ben in the ad. “He’s preparing, he’s doing his research.” “I never did no research on nothin’.
In theoretical physics, Pauli–Villars regularization (P–V) is a procedure that isolates divergent terms from finite parts in loop calculations in field theory in order to renormalize the theory. Wolfgang Pauli and Felix Villars published the method in 1949, based on earlier work by Richard Feynman , Ernst Stueckelberg and Dominique Rivier.