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Equilibrium can be broadly classified as heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibrium. [18] Homogeneous equilibrium consists of reactants and products belonging in the same phase whereas heterogeneous equilibrium comes into play for reactants and products in different phases. In the gas phase: rocket engines [19]
[1] [2] At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. [3] [4] [5] In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system. [6]
A Markov process is called a reversible Markov process or reversible Markov chain if there exists a positive stationary distribution π that satisfies the detailed balance equations [13] =, where P ij is the Markov transition probability from state i to state j, i.e. P ij = P(X t = j | X t − 1 = i), and π i and π j are the equilibrium probabilities of being in states i and j, respectively ...
Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state in which forward and backward reactions proceed at such rates that the macroscopic composition of the mixture is constant. Thus, equilibrium sign ⇌ symbolizes the fact that reactions occur in both forward ⇀ {\displaystyle \rightharpoonup } and backward ↽ {\displaystyle \leftharpoondown } directions.
In thermodynamics, the phase rule is a general principle governing multi-component, multi-phase systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.For a system without chemical reactions, it relates the number of freely varying intensive properties (F) to the number of components (C), the number of phases (P), and number of ways of performing work on the system (N): [1] [2] [3]: 123–125
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change. For a given set of reaction conditions, the equilibrium constant is ...
The turn-over-frequency for the WGSR is proportional to the equilibrium constant of hydroxyl formation, which rationalizes why reducible oxide supports (e.g. CeO 2) are more active than irreducible supports (e.g. SiO 2) and extended metal surfaces (e.g. Pt). In contrast to the active site for carboxyl formation, formate formation occurs on ...
In the history of thermodynamics, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" is a 300-page paper written by American chemical physicist Willard Gibbs.It is one of the founding papers in thermodynamics, along with German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz's 1882 paper "Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge."