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Data visualization is a technique that allows data scientists to convert raw data into charts and plots that generate valuable insights. There are many tools to perform data visualization, such as ...
ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
Matplotlib (portmanteau of MATLAB, plot, and library [3]) is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter , wxPython , Qt , or GTK .
A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier. [9] [10]For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model. [11]
Computer architectures are often described as n-bit architectures. In the first 3 ⁄ 4 of the 20th century, n is often 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48 or 60.In the last 1 ⁄ 3 of the 20th century, n is often 8, 16, or 32, and in the 21st century, n is often 16, 32 or 64, but other sizes have been used (including 6, 39, 128).
The nested set model is a technique for representing nested set collections (also known as trees or hierarchies) in relational databases. It is based on Nested Intervals, that "are immune to hierarchy reorganization problem, and allow answering ancestor path hierarchical queries algorithmically — without accessing the stored hierarchy relation".
In other words, there is no vertex outside the independent set that may join it because it is maximal with respect to the independent set property. For example, in the graph P 3, a path with three vertices a, b, and c, and two edges ab and bc, the sets {b} and {a, c} are both maximally independent.
1 Relative to set theory. 2 Relative to a topology. 3 Relative to a metric. 4 Relative to measurability. 5 Relative to a measure. 6 In a linear space. 7 Relative to ...