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In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are, [1] and the strength of the relationships between modules. [2] Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional. [3] Coupling and cohesion. Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion.
Cohesion is often contrasted with coupling. High cohesion often correlates with loose coupling, and vice versa. [2] The software metrics of coupling and cohesion were invented by Larry Constantine in the late 1960s as part of Structured Design, based on characteristics of “good” programming practices that reduced maintenance and ...
The model is named after database pioneer Charles Bachman, and mostly used in computer software design. In a relational model, a relation is the cohesion of attributes that are fully and not transitive functional dependent [clarify] of every key in that relation. The coupling between the relations is based on accordant attributes.
Four types of autonomy, which promote loose coupling, are: reference autonomy, time autonomy, format autonomy, and platform autonomy. [3] Loose coupling is an architectural principle and design goal in service-oriented architectures. Eleven forms of loose coupling and their tight coupling counterparts are listed in: [4]
The database schema is the structure of a database described in a formal language supported typically by a relational database management system (RDBMS). The term " schema " refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of relational databases ).
The indirection pattern supports low coupling and reuses potential between two elements by assigning the responsibility of mediation between them to an intermediate object. An example of this is the introduction of a controller component for mediation between data (model) and its representation (view) in the model-view-controller pattern.
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The internal structure of the database should be unaffected by changes to the physical aspects of the storage: For example, a changeover to a new disk. The three levels are: External Level (User Views): A user's view of the database describes a part of the database that is relevant to a particular user. It excludes irrelevant data as well as ...