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Reperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re-+ perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia).
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) tissue injury is the resultant pathology from a combination of factors, including tissue hypoxia, followed by tissue damage associated with re-oxygenation. IR injury contributes to disease and mortality in a variety of pathologies, including myocardial infarction , ischemic stroke , acute kidney injury , trauma ...
Severe hemorrhage is managed either with vascular embolization or damage control surgical techniques such as abdominal packing or removal of non-essential organs. [2] However, in patients with severe hemorrhagic shock at risk for cardiovascular collapse, emergency thoracotomy with aortic cross clamping may be performed though outcomes are ...
Critical limb ischemia is diagnosed by the presence of ischemic rest pain, and an ulcers that will not heal or gangrene due to insufficient blood flow. [3] Insufficient blood flow may be confirmed by ankle-brachial index (ABI), ankle pressure, toe-brachial index (TBI), toe systolic pressure, transcutaneous oxygen measurement (TcpO2 ), or skin perfusion pressure (SPP).
Acute limb ischemia may also be caused by traumatic disruption of blood flow to a limb, which may present with either hard signs or soft signs of vascular injury. [15] Hard signs include pulsatile bleeding, expanding hematomas (collections of blood), or absent distal pulses, and must be taken to surgery emergently.
Reperfusion therapy is a medical treatment to restore blood flow, either through or around, blocked arteries, typically after a heart attack (myocardial infarction (MI)). Reperfusion therapy includes drugs and surgery. The drugs are thrombolytics and fibrinolytics used in a process called thrombolysis.
These include a sedentary lifestyle, prior surgery, trauma, history of DVT, and hypertension. [31] A sedentary lifestyle and lack of movement are critical modifiable risk factors for PE. [ 32 ] Immobility reduces the rate of leg muscle contraction, enhancing thrombus formation in vessels of the calves that may propagate to the lungs. [ 33 ]
The generation of oxygen-derived [free radicals] during the initial period of reperfusion after ischemia is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of myocardial stunning. [ 7 ] Some evidence suggests that brief, repetitive episodes of myocardial ischemia may result in chronic myocardial stunning and ventricular contractile impairment.