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The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and is the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and, with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint "Judges of the Supreme Court ...
Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 116 people have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 107 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's 36 years, 209 days to John Rutledge's 1 year, 18 days as associate justice and, separated by a period of years off the Court, his 138 days as chief justice.
John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is an American jurist serving since 2005 as the 17th chief justice of the United States.He has been described as having a moderate conservative judicial philosophy, though he is primarily an institutionalist.
The chief justice always ranks first in the order of precedence—regardless of the length of their service. [172] The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service. The chief justice sits in the center on the bench, or at the head of the table during conferences. The other justices are seated in order of seniority.
These lists are sorted chronologically by chief justice and include most major cases decided by the court. Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth Courts (October 19, 1789 – December 15, 1800) Marshall Court (February 4, 1801 – July 6, 1835)
In the United States, a federal judge is a judge who serves on a court established under Article Three of the U.S. Constitution.Often called "Article III judges", federal judges include the chief justice and associate justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, circuit judges of the U.S. Courts of Appeals, district judges of the U.S. District Courts, and judges of the U.S. Court of International Trade.
While Chief Justice, Jay was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790. [82] Jay served as Circuit Justice for the Eastern Circuit from the Spring of 1790, until the Spring of 1792. [83] He served as Circuit Justice for the Middle Circuit from the Spring of 1793, until the Spring of 1794. [83]
John Marshall was probably the most important figure to have held constitutional office in all three branches. Although his periods of service in Congress and as Secretary of State were both brief, he was Chief Justice of the United States for nearly 35 years, and had a powerful influence on the development of the Supreme Court.