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Gastrointestinal perforation is defined by a full-thickness injury to all layers of the gastrointestinal wall, resulting in a hole in the hollow GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or large intestine). A hole can occur due to direct mechanical injury or progressive damage to the bowel wall due to various disease states.
Pneumoperitoneum is pneumatosis (abnormal presence of air or other gas) in the peritoneal cavity, a potential space within the abdominal cavity.The most common cause is a perforated abdominal organ, generally from a perforated peptic ulcer, although any part of the bowel may perforate from a benign ulcer, tumor or abdominal trauma.
Organ perforation is a complete penetration of the wall of a hollow organ in the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract in the case of gastrointestinal perforation. It mainly refers to accidental or pathologic perforation, rather than intentional penetration during surgery. It can lead to peritonitis if untreated. [2]
In most cases of perforation of a hollow viscus, mixed bacteria are isolated; the most common agents include Gram-negative bacilli (e.g., Escherichia coli) and anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis). Faecal peritonitis results from the presence of faeces in the peritoneal cavity.
The bowel may be perforated. [4] Gas within the abdominal cavity seen on CT is understood to be a diagnostic sign of bowel perforation ; however intra-abdominal air can also be caused by pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity outside the lungs that has escaped from the respiratory system ) or pneumomediastinum (air in the mediastinum , the ...
In suspected intussusception, an abdominal x-ray does not exclude intussusception but is useful in the differential diagnosis to exclude perforation or obstruction. [ 1 ] Yet, CT scan is the best alternative for diagnosing intra-abdominal injury.
Perforation and hemorrhage, the main complications, cause a mortality rate higher than 50% due to related diseases in the population at risk. If a patient has a history of constipation and presents with acute abdominal pain and clinical findings consistent with a hollow viscus perforation, the diagnosis of perforated stercoral ulceration should ...
Diaphragm, e.g. evidence of free air, indicative of perforation of an abdominal viscus; Edges, e.g. apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques; Extrathoracic tissues; Fields (lung parenchyma), being evidence of alveolar flooding; Failure, e.g. alveolar air space disease with prominent vascularity with or without pleural ...