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Examples of network solids include diamond with a continuous network of carbon atoms and silicon dioxide or quartz with a continuous three-dimensional network of SiO 2 units. Graphite and the mica group of silicate minerals structurally consist of continuous two-dimensional sheets covalently bonded within the layer, with other bond types ...
A network covalent solid consists of atoms held together by a network of covalent bonds (pairs of electrons shared between atoms of similar electronegativity), and hence can be regarded as a single, large molecule. The classic example is diamond; other examples include silicon, [3] quartz and graphite.
[4] [5] Examples of formula units, include ionic compounds such as NaCl and K 2 O and covalent networks such as SiO 2 and C (as diamond or graphite). [6] In most cases the formula representing a formula unit will also be an empirical formula, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) or sodium chloride (NaCl), but it is not always the case.
[10] [28] Examples of molecular solids that halogen bond are hexachlorobenzene [11] [29] and a cocrystal of bromine 1,4-dioxane. [27] For the second example, the δ- bromine atom in the diatomic bromine molecule is aligning with the less electronegative oxygen in the 1,4-dioxane. The oxygen in this case is viewed as δ+ compared to the bromine ...
Graphite (/ ˈ ɡ r æ f aɪ t /) is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in the excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions.
In ordered solids, the atomic spacing between two bonded atoms is generally around a few ångströms (Å), which is on the order of 10 −10 meters (see Lattice constant). However, in very low density gases (for example, in outer space ) the average distance between atoms can be as large as a meter .
Side view of ABA layer stacking in graphite. Graphite consists of stacked sheets of covalently bonded carbon. [5] [6] The individual layers are called graphene.In each layer, each carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms forming a continuous layer of sp 2 bonded carbon hexagons, like a honeycomb lattice with a bond length of 0.142 nm, and the distance between planes is 0.335 nm. [7]
A graphite layer, carbon atoms and C–C bonds shown in black. The two most common allotropes of carbon have different coordination numbers. In diamond, each carbon atom is at the centre of a regular tetrahedron formed by four other carbon atoms, the coordination number is four, as for methane.