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The 1986 nuclear reactor explosion at Chernobyl was categorized as a Level 7 accident, which is the highest possible ranking on the INES scale, due to widespread environmental and health effects and "external release of a significant fraction of reactor core inventory". [57]
Thermal radiation—effective ground range GR / km: Fourth degree burns, Conflagration: 0.5 2.0 10 30 Third degree burns: 0.6 2.5 12 38 Second degree burns: 0.8 3.2 15 44 First degree burns: 1.1 4.2 19 53 Effects of instant nuclear radiation—effective slant range 1 SR / km: Lethal 2 total dose (neutrons and gamma rays) 0.8 1.4 2.3 4.7
Vehicles offer almost no protection from radiation, including fallout, and a driver can experience dazzle (or flash blindness), which lasts for 15 seconds to a minute.
E1 is produced when gamma radiation from the nuclear detonation ionizes (strips electrons from) atoms in the upper atmosphere. This is known as the Compton effect and the resulting current is called the "Compton current". The electrons travel in a generally downward direction at relativistic speeds (more than
Radiation poisoning, also called "radiation sickness" or a "creeping dose", is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. The term is generally used to refer to acute problems caused by a large dosage of radiation in a short period, though this also has occurred with long-term exposure to low-level radiation.
The radiation level on the crater lip at 1 hour after the burst was 500 R per hour (130 mC/(kg·h)), [9] but it dropped to 500 mR per hour after 27 days. [9] Within 7 months (~210 days) of the excavation, the bottom of the crater could be safely walked upon with no protective clothing, [10] with radiation levels at 35 mR per hour after 167 days ...
Neutron transport (also known as neutronics) is the study of the motions and interactions of neutrons with materials. Nuclear scientists and engineers often need to know where neutrons are in an apparatus, in what direction they are going, and how quickly they are moving.
[9] [10] [11] This was the 1.2 kiloton Buster-Jangle Uncle, [12] which detonated 17 ft (5.2 m) beneath ground level. [10] The test was designed as a scaled-down investigation of the effects of a 23-kiloton ground-penetrating gun-type fission weapon that was then being considered for use as a cratering and bunker-buster weapon. [ 13 ]