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In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder. Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis.
The Paris System for reporting urine cytology, version 2.0, ranging from negative to positive for high grade urothelial carcinoma. [1] Urine cytology is a test that looks for abnormal cells in urine under a microscope. The test commonly checks for infection, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract, cancer, or precancerous conditions.
Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the transitional epithelium, a tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs. [1] It typically occurs in the urothelium of the urinary system; in that case, it is also called urothelial carcinoma.
Examples of urinary casts: a) RTE cell cast, b) "muddy" granular cast, c) white blood cell cast, d) red blood cell cast [112] Urinary casts are cylindrical structures composed of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. Their shape derives from the renal tubules where they are formed, and the protein base can incorporate cells or other material. Hyaline ...
{{Urinary system anatomy | state = collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar. {{Urinary system anatomy | state = expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible. This template is a navigation box relating to anatomy that provides links to related topics. When editing the links in this ...
In the top-right image, the cystoscope has been bent within the bladder to look back on itself. The bottom two images show an inflamed urethra. If a patient has a stone lodged higher in the urinary tract, the physician may use a much finer calibre scope called a ureteroscope through the bladder and up into the ureter. (The ureter is the tube ...
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Assessment of the urinary tract for abnormalities such as blockage or narrowing, the presence of kidney stones, or tumours. [2] Use of duplex ultrasound to determine if there is backward flow of urine, for example in vesicoureteric reflux. Determination of how much urine is in the bladder, for example to assess for urinary retention.