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Crystal structure of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl). The methylammonium cation (CH 3 NH 3 +) is surrounded by PbX 6 octahedra. [13]The name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion.
Perovskite solar cell; Quantum dot solar cell; The achievements in the research of perovskite cells, especially, have received tremendous attention in the public as their research efficiencies recently soared above 20 percent. They also offer a wide spectrum of low-cost applications.
One example is amorphous silicon solar cells, where triple-junction tandem cells are commercially available from Uni-Solar and other companies. In 2023 Chinese manufacturer LONGi Green Energy Technology Co. announced a tandem silicon/perovskite cell that achieved 33.9% efficiency, the first time a silicon-based cell has exceeded the S-Q limit. [15]
Crystalline silicon wafers used in solar cells typically have a thickness between 130 and 180 μm. The mass of consumed silicon wafer comprises a significant proportion of the cost of the solar module, and as such reducing the wafer thickness has potential to achieve significant cost reduction. [45] Fewer photons are absorbed in thinner silicon.
High-quality, single-crystal silicon materials are used to achieve high-efficiency, low cost cells (η>20%). Recent developments in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have made significant advancements in power conversion efficiency from 3% to over 15% since their introduction in the 1980s. [ 148 ]
An amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell is made of non-crystalline or microcrystalline silicon. Amorphous silicon has a higher bandgap (1.7 eV) than crystalline silicon (c-Si) (1.1 eV), which means it absorbs the visible part of the solar spectrum more strongly than the higher power density infrared portion of the spectrum.
As of 2010, the cost of MJ solar cells was too high to allow use outside of specialized applications. The high cost is mainly due to the complex structure and the high price of materials. Nevertheless, with light concentrators under illumination of at least 400 suns, MJ solar panels become practical. [24]
For example, a silicon solar cell in space might have an efficiency of 14% at AM0, but 16% on Earth at AM 1.5. Note, however, that the number of incident photons in space is considerably larger, so the solar cell might produce considerably more power in space, despite the lower efficiency as indicated by reduced percentage of the total incident ...