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Textile fibers, threads, yarns and fabrics are measured in a multiplicity of units.. A fiber, a single filament of natural material, such as cotton, linen or wool, or artificial material such as nylon, polyester, metal or mineral fiber, or human-made cellulosic fibre like viscose, Modal, Lyocell or other rayon fiber is measured in terms of linear mass density, the weight of a given length of ...
The Martindale is a unit for quantifying the abrasion resistance of textiles, especially when used for upholstery.. The Martindale method, also known as the Martindale rub test, simulates natural wear of a seat cover, in which the textile sample is rubbed against a standard abrasive surface with a specified force.
F. T. Peirce and W. H. Rees, of the Shirley Institute in Manchester, England, developed the tog in 1946 as more convenient alternative to the SI unit of m 2 ⋅K/W, writing in their paper The Transmission of Heat Through Textile Fabrics – part II: [1] The results given in this paper are expressed in terms of watts, °C and metres.
For this measurement, the definition of weight is the force of gravity at the Earth's surface (standard gravity, 9.80665 m/s 2) applying to the entire length of the material, not diminishing with height. This usage is more common with certain specialty fiber or textile applications.
The weaving is also very old: an impression in hardened clay found in the Czech Republic suggests availability of woven material in Paleolithic 25 000 years before present. [1] It is generally believed that woven wool production began in the 11th millennium BC; it certainly had been used in the clothing of ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans. [4]
In the paper and fabric industries, it is called grammage and is expressed in grams per square meter (g/m 2); for paper in particular, it may be expressed as pounds per ream of standard sizes ("basis ream"). A related area number density can be defined by replacing mass by number of particles or other countable quantity, with resulting units of ...
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For a 3-point test of a rectangular beam behaving as an isotropic linear material, where w and h are the width and height of the beam, I is the second moment of area of the beam's cross-section, L is the distance between the two outer supports, and d is the deflection due to the load F applied at the middle of the beam, the flexural modulus: [1]